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| Faber und Faber Verlag |
| A publishing house founded in 1990 in Leipzig; has, according to information from the company, produced the world’s smallest book ever to have been manufactured in a production run. Measuring just 2.4 x 2.9 mm, the copies were bound in leather by hand. The volume is entitled "Bilder ABC" ("Picture ABC") and contains images of letters by Josua Reichert. |
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| Facsimile |
| Term derived from the Latin generally used to describe the most natural possible reproduction of an original (image, handwriting, book) complete with all its characteristics including dirty marks, damage or traces of use. This is the highest degree of similarity which a reproduction can achieve in comparison to the original, whereby nothing is added, omitted or improved. Copyists in the Middle Ages were already trying to achieve reproductions of texts and books which were true to the originals by writing them out and illustrating them by hand. The first full facsimiles date from the early 17th century, and were engraved in copper. Facsimiles were also produced using the wood engraving method. The invention of lithography in the late 18th century and collotype in the mid 19th century made facsimiles as we understand them today possible. |
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| Felt side |
| The side of the paper not in contact with wire from the paper machine. Especially in lower-quality grades, this side offers much better performance characteristics than the reverse, or wire side. |
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| Ferro-gallic ink |
| A very durable ink that consists of gallic acid, iron sulfate and in some cases a binder (gum arabic) and that has been known for several centuries. The ink was used for documents of all kinds until the advent of chemical dyes in the recent past. When first applied, pure ferro-gallic ink has a pale color; only when exposed to atmospheric oxygen does it form a distinctly black pigment. It is insoluble in water and thus very difficult to remove. After extended periods of time, ferro-gallic ink decomposes paper and parchment, causing what is known as ink corrosion. |
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| FGD (Forschungsgesellschaft Druckmaschinen) |
| An association for printing press research founded in 1955 by leading German printing press manufacturers as a non-profit organization. Headquartered in Frankfurt, the association works to coordinate the printing press industry and research activities in the field of printing presses and processes; also works in close collaboration with the Institut für Druckmaschinen und Druckverfahren (Institute for Printing Presses and Printing Processes) in Darmstadt. |
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| Fillers |
| Additives used in paper manufacturing process to fill gaps between paper fibers in order to enhance opacity, whiteness, and smoothness. Generally added to the liquid pulp mass, the most common fillers are mineral compounds such as kaolin or calcium carbonate. In finished papers, the filler content can be as high as 35 percent. |
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| Fine paper |
| The general term used to describe paper of superior quality. Particular features of such papers are stability of the surface; good, even transparency (even with watermarks); and good printability. |
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| Finishing |
| The term used to describe various processes or operations performed on a printed product after the print run itself. Depending on the type of product, these processes can include folding, collating or trimming of the printed sheets, as well as binding or packing. |
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| FireWire |
| Refers to a serial interface with a high transfer rate in compliance with US standard IEEE 1394. This standard specifies transfer rates up to a maximum of 400 Mbit per second, though higher rates have been proposed for standardization. FireWire interfaces are often used for connecting video cameras and similar products to computers, and increasingly for mass storage devices, scanners and other peripherals. |
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| Flash |
| An application developed by Macromedia Inc. for binding graphic animations into Internet pages. Macromedia offers various software tools for creating Flash animations. To view these animations, the Flash Player plug-in is required, which is available free of charge. |
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| Flatbed scanner |
| A scanner that works by projecting reflected light onto a CCD chip by means of an optical system. This light is then separated into the primary colors, which are in turn brought together by the scanner to form a digital image. The advantage of this type of scanner is its use of a constant light source. As it can only be used for photographic materials, prints or drawings, the color space of an image can be precisely defined. |
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| Flatness (flat lying properties) |
| Refers to the extent to which paper lies horizontally. |
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| Flexographic printing |
| A printing process that involves the use of photopolymer wash-off printing (letterpress) or similar printing plates. Using low-viscosity ink it is possible to print on diverse materials with screen rulings of up to 54 l/cm. Flexographic printing is a very fast, uncomplicated printing process suitable for package printing and multi-color newspaper printing. |
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| Fluorescent printing inks |
| Printing inks that shine or change color when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light of various wavelengths; used for protection and to identify the authenticity of documents. |
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| FM screening (frequency modulated screening) |
| Screening method for the simulation of continuous tones involving the arrangement of same-size dots at varying distances. The number of dots in a defined area determines the color tone. Though the quality of this kind of simulation is high and no moiré patterns are created, it requires somewhat better accuracy and care in platemaking and printing as well as different work methods. In addition, color areas sometimes appear grainy. |
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| FOGRA (Forschungsgesellschaft Druck) |
| Established in Munich to promote printing technology, the association has its own institute with over 50 employees. Its responsibilities include research and development of quality control tools, knowledge exchange through printed materials, lectures, seminars, symposia and a literature database; collaborates in setting industry standards and provides assistance in the case of conflicts. |
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| Fold |
| In bookbinding a sharp break or bend in the papers, generally performed by special machines. A distinction is made between right angle and parallel folds. In right angle folding the next fold is always at a right angle to the previous one. In parallel folding, the first is always parallel to the second. |
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| Fold lay |
| A kind of lay employed in bookbinding; the angle at which printed sheets are fed by the bookbinder in order to ensure positioning and register accuracy when folding. |
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| Folding machines |
| Special machines used to fold printed materials. Knife folders employ a blunt edged knife to press the paper between two continuously moving rollers. The paper is caught between the rollers and carried away, a fold being made where the knife makes contact. The buckle or plate folder feeds the paper end first between a pair of continuously revolving rollers. Both methods of folding can be combined in one machine – the combination folder. |
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| Folding marks |
| Marks made to ensure register-true folding. |
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| Folding scheme (or folding layout) |
| Specification of the number, direction and sequence of folds for an individual production job. |
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| Folio |
| Term for the page number in books, magazines, etc. |
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| Font |
| A type face. A font usually has several styles in various weights and versions. |
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| Font family |
| All variants of a specific font, including those with varying weights and styles. |
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| Foot trim |
| The area at the bottom portion of a page to be trimmed off. |
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| Four-em quad |
| A typographical unit of measurement corresponding to 36 points. |
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| Fraktur |
| A black-letter typeface created in 1517; the most common typeface in Germany until the 20th century though also widespread in countries neighboring Germany to the east and southeast. Its name (Latin for "broken") was derived from the broken strokes made when the font was handwritten. Precursors to Fraktur are the Gothic and Schwabacher typefaces. |
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| Frame |
| A rectangular area absolutely positioned on the display screen; also refers to a single section of a Web page specially coded. |
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| Front matter |
| All pages and material that appear before the text of a book, including the bastard title, full title, imprint, dedication, table of contents, foreword, unprinted pages, etc. |
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| Front trim |
| The trim employed for magazines and booklets with multiple folded, inserted signatures in order to create an even edge; must be taken into consideration in the design stage. |
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| Full ink coverage |
| The smallest quantity of ink that can completely cover the surface of a particular printing stock with no visible gaps. In offset printing full ink coverage for smooth coated art papers is 1.5 to 2 gsm, and for uncoated papers it is around 3 gsm. |
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